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Bixa orellana

L. (1753)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malvales Family: Bixaceae Genus: Bixa

‘alaea [alaea], ‘alaea la‘au [alaea laau], achiote, annatto, kumauna, lipstick tree

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs or small trees 1.5–8(–15) m tall.

Stems: Branchlets reddish brown.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple or compound (palmate). Alternate. Blades ovate to cordate or ovate–lanceolate, 5–27 cm long, 3–18 cm wide. Upper surfaces glabrous or sparsely lepidote; lower surfaces densely lepidote, the scales minute, reddish brown; ; red–dotted. Margins entire. Petioles 2–10(–14) cm long. Stipules narrowly ovate, ca. 1 cm long; protecting the terminal bud.

Flowers: Flowers in terminal panicles. Peduncles and pedicels densely reddish brown. Pedicels with 5–6 apical glands. Flowers bisexual (perfect), actinomorphic. Calyx of 5 sepals; sepals alternate with the pedicel; orbicular, ca. 1 cm long, densely reddish brown lepidote. Corolla of 5 petals, distinct, imbricate or convolute; white or rarely pinkish, obovate, 2–3 cm long. Stamens numerous, ± in 2–5 groups, sometimes inserted on nectary disk; anthers dithecal, opening by short slits or pores; horseshoe–shaped, folded so that the terminal pore area is morphologically central; filaments inserted on nectary disk. Ovary superior usually bristly, 1-celled with 2 opposite, intruded, parietal placentas; placentation partly axile or parietal; ovules numerous, anatropous; style 1; stigma 2-lobed.

Fruit: Fruit a loculicidal capsules. capsules compressed at right angles to the placenta; red to brown; variable in size and shape but basically globose to ovoid; 1.5–4.5 cm long; covered with short flexible spines. Seeds with oily or starchy endosperm; numerous; red; irregularly shaped; ca. 5 mm long; angled; fleshy and densely studded with small; round; red; sessile glands.

Ploidy: 2n = 14; 16.

Habitat:

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Only found in cultivation

Dispersal Agents

Birds

Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Sp. Pl.: 512 (1753)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:390 (K, O, Mo, M); Staples & Herbst 2005:191 (DESCR)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, nuuanu street, hillebrand garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. potter, c. collector number: 11074 Oahu BISH 2/25/1937
2 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Kirsch, O. Collector Number: s.n. Oahu BISH 12/7/1964
3 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, mrs. fosters' residence PRESERVED_SPECIMEN rock, j.f.c. collector number: 12605 Oahu BISH 1/8/1916
4 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, university of hawaii manoa campus, hale kuahine In full sun. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lau, j. collector number: 1227 Oahu BISH 7/18/1985
5 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, manoa valley, woodlawn drive PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hartt, c.e. collector number: s.n. Molokai BISH 10/7/1957
6 Bixa orellana L. Hilo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN MacDaniels, L.H. Collector Number: 343 Hawaii BISH 11/25/1926
7 Bixa orellana L. hawaiian islands, oahu Dry Region PRESERVED_SPECIMEN raymond insfuku HUDC 10/13/1930
8 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Rock, J. F. 12605 Oahu US 3/30/1905
9 Bixa orellana L. Lawai Valley. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Cultivated. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN David H. Lorence s.n. Kauai PTBG 4/26/1999
10 Bixa orellana L. KAUAI: Along Waimea Canyon Trail near junction of Kukui Trai l. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lynwood Hume 265 Kauai PTBG 7/26/1987
11 Bixa orellana L. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Kirsch, O. s.n. Oahu US 12/7/1964
12 Bixa orellana L. Kapaa, Kanaele St., toward the end on the E side of the road. Collected as part of KISC 2007 Early Detection Roadside Survey. Cultivated. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Natalia Tangalin 1350 Kauai PTBG 5/31/2007
13 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, Nuuanu, Henry Street. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN W. M. Bush 39 Oahu PTBG 6/7/1974
14 Bixa orellana L. U.H. Campus, Hale Kuahine. Full sun PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lau, J. 1227 Oahu US 7/18/1985
15 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, Kalihi, Bishop Estate Nursery, Oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Judd, A. F. s.n. Oahu US 11/12/1930
16 Bixa orellana L. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. kirsch s.n. Oahu US 12/7/1964
17 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, in forest nursery of the hawaiian sugar planters association, 50 n. vineyard st PRESERVED_SPECIMEN harris, j.a. collector number: 242273 Hawaii US 10/2/1924
18 Bixa orellana L. honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN j. f. rock 12605 Oahu US 8/7/1916
19 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, kalihi, bishop estate nursery, oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN a. judd s.n. Oahu US 11/12/1930
20 Bixa orellana L. Along the Hanapepe River, Kauai PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Heller, A. A. 2477 Kauai US 1895-00-00
21 Bixa orellana L. Gulch west of Ualapue, Molokai PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 9166 Molokai US 6/30/2028
22 Bixa orellana L. along the hanapepe river, kauai PRESERVED_SPECIMEN a. a. heller 2477 Kauai US 1895-07-02
23 Bixa orellana L. valley opposite Gay & Robinson's Hanapepe Valley House PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Heller, A.A. 2477 Kauai BISH 1895-00-00
24 Bixa orellana L. gulch west of ualapue, molokai PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 9166 Molokai US 6/30/1928
25 Bixa orellana L. Kaluaaha Valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forbes, C.N. 365 Mo Molokai BISH 8/1/1912
26 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, kalihi, bishop estate nursery PRESERVED_SPECIMEN judd jr., a.f. collector number: s.n. Kauai BISH 11/12/1930
27 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, Vineyard Street, Nursery of H.S.P.A PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wilder, G.P. s.n. Oahu BISH 1/27/1931
28 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, Kamehameha Girls' School PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Grant, M.L. 7125 Oahu BISH 7/31/1934
29 Bixa orellana L. Gulch west of Ualapue Naturalized in pasture. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 9166 Molokai BISH 6/30/1928
30 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Manoa Campus Dry region. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Inafuku, R. s.n. Oahu BISH 10/13/1930
31 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, niu valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, c.n. collector number: 1720.o Oahu BISH 5/2/1911
32 Bixa orellana L. East Maui, S of Hana Naturalized along roadside. (See comments). PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 2242 Maui BISH 6/12/1927
33 Bixa orellana L. u.h. campus, hale kuahine. Full sun PRESERVED_SPECIMEN j. lau 1227 Oahu US 7/18/1985
34 Bixa orellana L. Puhi Camp, west of Kauai Community College From yard of abandoned homesite. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. 1641 Kauai BISH 4/4/1986
35 Bixa orellana L. Above Wailua, Wailua Game Preserve. Vegetation on plots stripmined for bauxite in 1958-60. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Shawn Lum 134 Kauai PTBG 7/1/1983
36 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, in Forest Nursery of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association, 50 N. Vineyard St PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Harris, J.A. C242273 Oahu BISH 10/2/1924
37 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Kirsch, O. s.n. Oahu BISH 12/7/1964
38 Bixa orellana L. East arm of Kaluaaha Valley Naturalized with Lantana. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 9165 Molokai BISH 7/12/1928
39 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, Nuuanu Street, Hillebrand Garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 11074 Oahu BISH 2/25/1937
40 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, Mrs. Fosters' Residence PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Rock, J.F.C. 12605 Oahu BISH 1/1/1916
41 Bixa orellana L. East Maui, Hana District, between Kipahulu and Hana PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Couch, M.J. s.n. Maui BISH 11/10/1931
42 Bixa orellana L. Halawa Valley In mixed forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Munro, G.C. 121 Molokai BISH 6/27/1927
43 Bixa orellana L. Hilo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Mann, H. 710 Hawaii BISH 2/6/1905
44 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, Nuuanu Street, Hillebrand Garden Planted. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 11073 Oahu BISH 2/25/1937
45 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, Manoa Valley, Woodlawn Drive PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hartt, C.E. s.n. Oahu BISH 10/7/1957
46 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, Vineyard Street Nursery of H.S.P.A PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wilder, G.P. s.n. Oahu BISH 1/27/1931
47 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Manoa Campus PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forbes, A. 75 Oahu BISH 10/11/1929
48 Bixa orellana L. Waianae PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Topping, D.L. 3107 Oahu BISH 4/19/1925
49 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, Niu Valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forbes, C.N. 1720.O Oahu BISH 5/2/1911
50 Bixa orellana L. Hilo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN MacDaniels, L.H. 343 Hawaii BISH 11/25/1926
51 Bixa orellana L. Kahana Valley Project. On the Kawa side of the valley, Near the old abandoned Morman church and cemetery Few cultivated trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herat, T. 173 Oahu BISH 8/17/1972
52 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, Vineyard Street Nursery of H.S.P.A PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forbes, A. 14 Oahu BISH 7/31/1929
53 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, Bishop Museum In partial shade. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lau, J. 1571 Oahu BISH 10/29/1985
54 Bixa orellana L. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Manoa Campus, Hale Kuahine In full sun. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lau, J. 1227 Oahu BISH 7/18/1985
55 Bixa orellana L. halawa valley In mixed forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN munro, g.c. collector number: 121 Molokai BISH 6/27/1927
56 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, university of hawaii manoa campus Dry region. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN inafuku, r. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 10/13/1930
57 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, bishop museum above high water line in deep, sandy soil on slope at edge of Pandanus forest. With Scaevola sericea, Cyrtomium falcatum and Phymatosorus scolopendria PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lau, j. collector number: 1571 Maui BISH 10/29/1985
58 Bixa orellana L. hilo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN macdaniels, l.h. collector number: 343 Hawaii BISH 11/25/1926
59 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, vineyard street, nursery of h.s.p.a PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wilder, g.p. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 1/27/1931
60 Bixa orellana L. kahana valley project. on the kawa side of the valley, near the old abandoned morman church and cemetery Few cultivated trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herat, t. wirawan, n. collector number: 173 Oahu BISH 8/17/1972
61 Bixa orellana L. unknown Wet places on rocks PRESERVED_SPECIMEN mann, h. brigham, w.t. collector number: s.n. Maui BISH
62 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, university of hawaii manoa campus PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, a. collector number: 75 Oahu BISH 10/11/1929
63 Bixa orellana L. oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 11073 Oahu BISH 8/8/1937
64 Bixa orellana L. valley opposite gay & robinson's hanapepe valley house PRESERVED_SPECIMEN heller, a.a. collector number: 2477 Kauai BISH 1895-07-01
65 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, vineyard street nursery of h.s.p.a PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wilder, g.p. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 1/27/1931
66 Bixa orellana L. hilo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN mann, h. brigham, w.t. collector number: 710 Hawaii BISH
67 Bixa orellana L. Oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 11073 Oahu BISH 2/25/1937
68 Bixa orellana L. Hilo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Mann, H. Brigham, W.T. Collector Number: 710 Hawaii BISH
69 Bixa orellana L. waianae PRESERVED_SPECIMEN topping, d.l. collector number: 3107 BISH 4/19/1925
70 Bixa orellana L. puhi camp, west of kauai community college From yard of abandoned homesite. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN flynn, t. hume, l. collector number: 1641 Kauai BISH 4/4/1986
71 Bixa orellana L. east arm of kaluaaha valley growing on side of gully PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 9165 Hawaii BISH 7/12/1928
72 Bixa orellana L. unknown PreservedSpecimen Mann, H. Brigham, W.T. Collector Number: s.n. BISH Specimen
73 Bixa orellana L. east maui, s of hana PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. wiebke, h. collector number: 2242 Oahu BISH 6/12/1927
74 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, kamehameha girls' school PRESERVED_SPECIMEN grant, m.l. collector number: 7125 Lanai BISH 7/31/1934
75 Bixa orellana L. east maui, hana district, between kipahulu and hana PRESERVED_SPECIMEN couch, m.j. collector number: s.n. Maui BISH 11/10/1931
76 Bixa orellana L. gulch west of ualapue Naturalized in pasture. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 9166 Molokai BISH 6/30/1928
77 Bixa orellana L. honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN kirsch, o. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 12/7/1964
78 Bixa orellana L. kaluaaha valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, c.n. collector number: 365 mo Molokai BISH 8/8/1912
79 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, nuuanu street, hillebrand garden Planted. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. potter, c. collector number: 11073 Oahu BISH 2/25/1937
80 Bixa orellana L. honolulu, vineyard street nursery of h.s.p.a PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, a. collector number: 14 Oahu BISH 7/31/1929
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